Investigation of Protective Effect of Different Bile and Their Arisaema cum Bile on Acute Lung Injury Rats Induced by LPS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

<b>Objective::To compare the protective effect of different bile (porcine bile, oxgall and sheep bile) and their Arisaema cum Bile on rats with acute lung injury, so as to provide reference for the selection of bile and the classification of decoction pieces of Arisaema cum Bile. <b>Method::Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (<italic>n</italic>=12), including blank group, model group, porcine bile group, oxgall group, sheep bile group, Arisaema cum Bile with porcine bile group, Arisaema cum Bile with oxgall group and Arisaema cum Bile with sheep bile group. Rats in each treatment group were given corresponding drug solution by gavage at 2.52 g·kg^-1 every day, and rats in the model group and the blank group were given the same volume of normal saline by gavage every day for a total of 8 days. On the 8^th day, after 1 h of administration, rats in the model group and each treatment group were intraperitoneally injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg·kg^-1) to prepare rat lung injury model. Blood and lung tissues were collected from every four rats at 3, 6, 24 h after LPS injection, respectively. Lung coefficient, lung water content and wet weight/dry weight ratio of lung tissue (<italic>W</italic>/<italic>D</italic>) were measured, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-<italic>α</italic>, interleukin (IL)-6 and thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) in serum and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in lung tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological morphology of rat lung tissue was observed and the score of lung tissue injury was calculated. <b>Result::Compared with the model group at the same time point, the lung coefficient, <italic>W</italic>/<italic>D,</italic> lung water content, contents of TNF-<italic>α</italic>, IL-6 and TXB₂ in serum, contents of MDA and MMP-9 in lung tissue of rats in each treatment group were all decreased, and most of them had significant differences (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), but the activities of GSH-Px and SOD were all increased, and most of them had significant differences (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01). The oxgall group and the sheep bile group were superior to the porcine bile group in most of the indexes, the Arisaema cum Bile with oxgall group and the Arisaema cum Bile with sheep bile group were superior to the Arisaema cum Bile with porcine bile group, and some of them had significant differences(<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01). <b>Conclusion::Each bile group and each Arisaema cum Bile group all have protective effects on rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS, and the therapeutic effect of oxgall and sheep bile is better than that of porcine bile, the therapeutic effect of Arisaema cum Bile prepared by oxgall and sheep bile is better than that of Arisaema cum Bile prepared by porcine bile.

Simultaneous Determination of Six Flavonoids in Astragali Radix Directional Processed with Four Enzymes by UPLC / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To establish an UPLC method for the simultaneous determination of 6 flavonoids, and to research for the effect of Astragali Radix directional processed with four enzymes (complex enzyme, plant cellulase, snail enzyme, and β-glucosidase) on the contents of flavonoid glycosides and their aglycones in this herb. Method::Chromatographic separation was carried out on ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.1 mol·L-1 formic acid solution-0.1 mol·L-1 formic acid acetonitrile solution for gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm, the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1, the column temperature was 30 ℃, and the injection volume was 2 μL. Result::Calycosin-glucoside, calycosin, ononin, formononetin, 9, 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glucoside and 3-hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan showed good linear relationships within their own ranges (R2≥0.998 5), the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of precision, stability and repeatability were all <5.0%, and the average recovery was 97.62%-101.13% with RSDs of 1.4%-2.7%. In 0.5 g·L-1 level of enzyme solution, the contents of calycosin-glucoside, calycosin, ononin, formononetin, 9, 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glucoside and 3-hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan in Astragali Radix processed with complex enzyme were 0.082 0, 0.335 9, 0.055 9, 0.104 9, 0.015 0, 0.009 7 mg·g-1, the contents of them in Astragali Radix processed with plant cellulase were 0.105 7, 0.364 2, 0.070 2, 0.117 4, 0.020 8, 0.012 5 mg·g-1, their contents in Astragali Radix processed with snail enzyme were 0.031 4, 0.510 0, 0.043 5, 0.210 9, 0.013 0, 0.013 0 mg·g-1, and their contents in Astragali Radix processed with β-glucosidase were 0.085 3, 0.312 4, 0.061 5, 0.110 8, 0.005 8, 0.009 6 mg·g-1, respectively. Conclusion::After the processing of Astragali Radix by four enzymes, in addition to 9, 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glucoside, the contents of calycosin-glucoside and ononin are reduced, but the contents of their three corresponding aglycones are significantly increased. The established method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and is suitable for the simultaneous determination of 6 flavonoids in Astragali Radix, which can provide a reference for this herb directional processed with enzymes.

Metabolomics analysis and rapid identification of changes in chemical ingredients in crude and processed Astragali Radix by UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with novel informatics UNIFI platform / 中国天然药物

Astragali Radix, the root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., is widely used as a tonic decoction pieces in the clinic of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Astragali Radix has various processed products with varying pharmacological actions. There is no modern scientific evidence to explain the differences in pharmacological activities and related mechanisms. In the present study, we explore the changes in chemical components in Astragali Radix after processing, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) combined with novel informatics UNIFI platform and multivariate statistical analysis. Our results showed that the crude and various processed products could be clearly separated in PCA scores plot and 15 significant markers could be used to distinguish crude and various processed products by OPLS-DA in UNIFI platform. In conclusion, the present study provided a basis of chemical components for revealing connotation of different processing techniques on Astragali Radix.

Metabolomics analysis and rapid identification of changes in chemical ingredients in crude and processed Astragali Radix by UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with novel informatics UNIFI platform / 中国天然药物

Astragali Radix, the root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., is widely used as a tonic decoction pieces in the clinic of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Astragali Radix has various processed products with varying pharmacological actions. There is no modern scientific evidence to explain the differences in pharmacological activities and related mechanisms. In the present study, we explore the changes in chemical components in Astragali Radix after processing, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) combined with novel informatics UNIFI platform and multivariate statistical analysis. Our results showed that the crude and various processed products could be clearly separated in PCA scores plot and 15 significant markers could be used to distinguish crude and various processed products by OPLS-DA in UNIFI platform. In conclusion, the present study provided a basis of chemical components for revealing connotation of different processing techniques on Astragali Radix.

Verification of processing theory of "reducing ketone and dryness, and increasing ester and effect" for bran-fried atractylodes / 中国中药杂志

We previously proposed the processing theory of "reducing ketone and dryness, and increasing ester and effect" for bran-fried atractylodes, and made a preliminary study. To further verify the science and rationality of the theory, we determined the changes in the content of atractylenolide I, II, III and atractylon in atractylodes after and before being fried with bran, in order to compare the effect of raw and bran-fried atractylodes on the water intake and urination in rats in this study. The effect of raw and bran-fried atractylodes on the content of four gastrointestinal hormones and two neurotransmitters in serum was observed in an attempt to verify the science and rationality the processing theory of "reducing ketone and dryness, and increasing ester and effect" for bran-fried atractylodes.